Abstract: Deuterium-labeled compounds play an irreplaceable role in fields such as medicine R&D, analytical testing, and materials science. There is an urgent need to develop efficient deuteration methods to address the challenges faced in the preparation of deuterium-labeled compounds, including high costs of deuterium sources, lengthy synthesis routes, and difficulties in catalyst recovery. In recent years, heterogeneous catalytic strategies using deuterium oxide (D₂O) as deuterium source have garnered significant attention due to their advantages, including catalyst recoverability and the low cost and easy availability of the deuterium source. Based on the different types of reaction substrates, this work summarizes the progress in site-selective deuteration and perdeuteration of substrates such as arenes, heteroarenes, and aliphatic compounds via heterogeneous catalysis. It particularly analyzes the relationships among the unique surface active site structures, metal-support interactions, substrate adsorption configurations, and deuteration selectivity in heterogeneous catalysis. In the future, the development of low-load noble-metal catalytic systems, non-noble-metal catalytic systems, functional additives, and mild catalytic deuteration methods based on low-cost deuterium sources will represent important research directions in deuteration technology.