Abstract: Due to the tight supply of industrial cobalt sources and concerns about the safety risks of high-activity radioactive sources, the application of gamma irradiation technology is restricted, making it difficult to meet the growing demand for irradiation processing. Although the application of electron accelerators for irradiation processing has developed rapidly in recent years, it is limited by its energy and has a weak penetration ability, thus cannot be widely used. X-ray have obvious advantages over gamma rays and electron beams can serve as an important supplement. China’s irradiation processing industry is booming, and the application of gamma and electron beam devices is mature. Although X-ray irradiation technology has been applied in China, there are still significant gaps in key technologies and promotion of domestic X-ray irradiation devices.This article expounds the basic principles and key technologies of X-ray irradiation, and compares it with gamma and electron beam irradiation technologies, comprehensively analyzing the characteristics and advantages of X-ray irradiation technology. By summarizing research achievements in X-ray irradiation technology, it is evident that as the technology advances, equipment costs and operating expenses have decreased, making it a new focal point and starting point for international irradiation processing technology development. Our country should strengthen the research on key technologies of X-ray irradiation devices, and strive to achieve the complete domestic production of X-ray irradiation devices as soon as possible. China should strengthen research on key technologies for high-energy X-ray irradiation facilities, achieve full domestic production of these systems as soon as possible, keep pace with technological development trends, and thereby elevate the overall level of China’s irradiation processing technology.