Abstract: The provision of long-term and reliable electrical power constitutes an essential prerequisite and fundamental guarantee for lunar exploration missions. To address the critical challenges including inadequate emergency power supply for the lunar research station and energy supply constraints for exploration in lunar permanently shadowed regions, this paper presents a long-term, stable power solution using Plutonium-238 Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs). These generators, which release thermal energy through decay and subsequently convert it into electrical power, have notable advantages: independence from sunlight, an extended service life, and high reliability. The paper first outlines the current applications of plutonium-238 isotope power sources in deep space exploration. It then conducts in-depth analysis of key technologies, including the design of nuclear heat sources for high-power, long-life power supplies and the efficient conversion of energy. Additionally, it looks ahead to potential application models for plutonium-238 isotope power sources, such as their use as the emergency backup power source, primary power source or heating source for lunar research stations. Ultimately, this paper provides a crucial reference for energy selection in future permanent research stations at the Moon’s South Pole, and contributes to the advancement of long-term lunar exploration and settlement objectives.