Abstract: To investigate the distribution characteristics of artificial radionuclide ¹³⁷Cs in alpine regions and the influence of high-altitude mountains on radionuclide transport, the Golmud section of the Kunlun Mountains on the Tibetan Plateau was selected as a representative study area. Twenty-four surface soil samples and six vertical profile cores were collected, with ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb specific activities determined by high-purity germanium gamma spectrometry. The results demonstrate that: (1) a significant zonal differentiation in ¹³⁷Cs activity was observed within surface soils, with the activity order being alpine meadow soil (mean 7.70 Bq/kg) > aeolian sandy soil (mean 2.45 Bq/kg) > desert soil (mean 1.62 Bq/kg); (2) the vertical profile ¹³⁷Cs inventories showed a distinct spatial pattern, characterized by southern slope (758±33 Bq/m²) > central area (470±26～699±30 Bq/m²) > northern slope (151±21 Bq/m²), which revealed a pronounced mountain mass effect. This study elucidates that high-altitude mountains create unique atmospheric deposition barriers by modifying local precipitation patterns (manifested as an annual precipitation gradient of 400 mm) and by obstructing air mass movement, thereby providing critical evidence for understanding the biogeochemical processes of radionuclides in mountainous environments.