Abstract: Soil organic carbon (SOC) pool integrated the vegetation succession information from several years to thousands of years scales. It is an ideal tool to understand carbon isotope composition change and terrestrial ecosystem pathways. In this study, the Sangong river watershed was taken as a case. We had estimated the change of vegetation and soil organic along a vertical gradient using the carbon isotopic method, and analyzed the variations of mean SOC δ¹³C values with the annual precipitation, and researched the variations in SOC and δ¹³C values with profile depth in the study area. The results showed that the SOC δ¹³C decreased significantly with the increasing annual precipitation (R²=0.97) where the annual precipitation was less than 300 mm. When the annual precipitation was 300 mm~500 mm, the SOC δ¹³C was not significant changed with the increasing annual precipitation (R²=0.04). The enrichment effect of SOC δ¹³C with depth was significant in the sample site of pure C3 vegetation, that means lower layer SOC δ¹³C of profile was greater than the upper layer. The average difference of SOC δ¹³C between lower layer and upper layer was 1.01‰. The opposite trend of SOC δ¹³C was presented in the Desert and Shrubland sites. And that, the SOC δ¹³C value of upper layer closed to C4 vegetation source, and the lower layer closed to C3 vegetation source. Therefore, we can infer that the vegetation may have experienced from C3 to C4 in the sandy desert and terrene desert sites.